Sperm count is super important for fertility and conception because it affects the chances of sperm reaching and fertilizing an egg. Generally, having a higher sperm count boosts the odds of successful conception, while a lower count can make things tougher for couples trying to conceive.

But don’t lose hope! There are effective methods and lifestyle changes that can really improve your chances of getting pregnant, even with a low sperm count. By focusing on these strategies, many couples have navigated their fertility journey and achieved their dreams of becoming parents.

Low sperm count, medically known as oligospermia, is defined as having fewer than 15 million sperm per millilitre (mL) of semen. This condition can significantly affect fertility by reducing the likelihood of a sperm successfully reaching and fertilizing an egg. There are several potential causes of low sperm count:

• Varicocele: This is a condition where the veins within the scrotum become enlarged, affecting sperm production and quality.
• Hormonal Imbalances: Irregularities in hormones such as testosterone can lead to decreased sperm production.
• Infections: Certain infections, including sexually transmitted infections, can lead to inflammation and blockages that impact sperm health.
• Lifestyle Factors: Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and exposure to environmental toxins can also contribute to reduced sperm count.

It’s crucial to consult a fertility specialist if you suspect low sperm count, as they can diagnose the issue and determine any underlying causes. A thorough evaluation and appropriate treatment can significantly improve the chances of conception.

• Diet and Nutrition

A well-balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains plays a crucial role in enhancing sperm health.

Certain nutrients are particularly beneficial for sperm production and quality. Antioxidants such as vitamin C and E can protect sperm from oxidative damage.

Zinc, found in foods like nuts, seeds, and poultry, is essential for hormonal regulation and sperm viability.

Folate, a B vitamin, can improve sperm quality and is found in leafy greens and legumes. Additionally, omega-3 fatty acids, which are abundant in fish and flaxseed, are linked to improved sperm morphology and motility.

Some individuals may consider supplements to address specific deficiencies, but it’s important to consult with a doctor before starting any new regimen.

• Exercise and Weight Management

Maintaining a healthy weight is closely linked to optimal sperm production. Obesity can lead to hormonal imbalances that negatively affect sperm count and quality.

Regular, moderate exercise can help manage weight and improve overall health, thereby supporting better sperm production.

Activities such as brisk walking, jogging, or swimming can be beneficial. It’s important to strike a balance, as excessive exercise can have the opposite effect and potentially harm sperm production.

• Reduce Stress

Chronic stress can significantly impact fertility by disrupting hormonal balance and reducing sperm production. Implementing effective stress management techniques is vital for improving sperm health.

Practices such as meditation, yoga, and deep breathing exercises can help reduce stress levels and promote overall well-being. Ensuring adequate sleep and engaging in hobbies or activities that bring joy can also serve as effective stress relievers.

• Lifestyle Habits

Certain lifestyle habits can have a detrimental effect on sperm health. Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption are major contributors to reduced sperm count and quality. It’s advisable to avoid these habits to enhance fertility.

Additionally, wearing tight-fitting underwear and exposing the scrotum to excessive heat, such as from hot tubs and saunas, can impair sperm production. Opting for loose-fitting underwear and avoiding prolonged heat exposure can help maintain an optimal temperature for sperm production.

Understanding the fertile window and tracking ovulation are crucial for optimizing the chances of conception. The fertile window typically spans six days, beginning five days before ovulation and ending on the day of ovulation.

This period represents the time when a woman is most likely to conceive. Tracking ovulation can help identify this window, making it easier to time intercourse effectively.

Ovulation predictor kits (OPKs) are widely used and can detect the surge in luteinizing hormone (LH) that precedes ovulation by about 24 to 48 hours. By using these kits, couples can better predict the most fertile days.

Other methods for tracking ovulation include monitoring changes in cervical mucus, basal body temperature, and utilising fertility tracking apps that analyse menstrual cycle patterns.

For the best chances of conceiving, it is recommended to have sex every 2-3 days during the fertile window. This frequency ensures a constant presence of healthy sperm in the reproductive tract, increasing the likelihood of sperm meeting the egg at the optimal time.
 

When dealing with low sperm count, urologists may offer a variety of treatment options based on the underlying cause.

Medications can be prescribed to address hormonal imbalances or infections that might be impacting sperm production.

For those with varicoceles, an abnormal enlargement of the veins within the scrotum, a surgical procedure called varicocelectomy may be performed to improve sperm count and quality.

In cases where sperm retrieval is necessary, techniques like testicular sperm extraction (TESE) or percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration (PESA) can be utilised.

These methods involve extracting sperm directly from the testicles or epididymis, which can then be used for assisted reproductive technologies (ART).

ART presents viable options for couples facing severe low sperm count. Intrauterine Insemination (IUI) involves placing sperm directly into the woman’s uterus during the ovulatory period.

For more severe cases, In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) or Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) can be employed. IVF involves fertilising an egg outside the body before implanting it into the uterus, while ICSI involves directly injecting a single sperm into an egg to facilitate fertilisation. These methods offer hope to many couples struggling with fertility issues.

In summary, addressing low sperm count involves a comprehensive approach that includes lifestyle changes, potential medical treatments, and a focus on emotional well-being.

Adopting a healthier lifestyle, such as quitting smoking, reducing alcohol consumption, managing stress, and maintaining a balanced diet, can positively impact sperm health.

Medical treatments range from medications and surgical procedures to sperm retrieval techniques and assisted reproductive technologies (ART) like IUI, IVF, and ICSI, providing tangible options for conception.

Equally important is emotional support, as navigating fertility challenges can be taxing for couples. Maintaining a positive outlook and seeking supportive resources can make a significant difference.

Although the journey may be challenging, there are numerous avenues available to improve the chances of conception with a low sperm count, offering hope and opportunities for building a family

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• About Author

  Dr. Supriya Puranik

  Gynaecologist & IVF Specialist

Dr. Supriya Puranik, a renowned gynaecologist and infertility expert, leads the IVF & Gynaecology department at Sahyadri Hospitals Momstory in Shivaji Nagar, Pune. She is committed to helping couples overcome infertility challenges.